Impact of Benjamin
Franklin's Charts of the Golf Stream on the Shipping Industry
The Gulf Stream is a
gigantic river that flows inside ocean from the Mexican Gulf, passing through
Florida Peninsula, the East Coast and to Cape Hatteras. The current flows into
the Iceland, British Isles, and to Norway. Viewed from the Straits of Florida,
the stream has a width of approximately forty miles. Its speed can go as high
as five miles per hour. As the Current flows into North Atlantic, the width
widens and can increase to up to hundreds of miles at some points.
The amount of water carried by the Gulf Stream is more than all the amount of
water carried by all the rivers in the world combined together. The flow of the
current is aided by the Coriolis Effect, the differential heating of water by
the sun and the wind current. As the stream moves, its volume exerts more
pressure into the water thereby accelerating the velocity of the current.
Ponce de Leon first
discovered the Gulf Stream and recognized it as an ocean current in 1513. He
realized that the current is more powerful than the wind making his ship to
move in an opposite direction to what he intended. Anton de Alaminos realized
the existence of the current and started to use it for his advantage in
sailing. As the main captain for Ponce de Leon he used the current to
accelerate his movement as he sailed from the Gulf of Mexico.
The Mexicans had realized the existence of the Gulf Stream but they decided to
keep it a secret to other sailors. However, American merchants, captains of
fishing ships and whale hunters had obviously known the existence of the
current.
The current was first known
as the Northeast Current before Benjamin Franklin, in 1762, named it the Gulf
Stream. Walter Hoxton was the first person who endeavoured to explain the
behaviour of the current. He was the first person to draw a marine
chart which incorporated the Gulf Stream in 1735(Stommel 73). At various point of the, then, Northeast
Current, he estimated and plotted the velocities. In his chart, he also
included longitudes and latitudes. Hoxton also described the origin and the
changes in velocities of the current as it passes various points. The British
ignored Hoxton’s description and chart and commissioned Benjamin Franklin to
start plotting new courses of the current and create a new chart.
By then, Benjamin Franklin
was working in Britain with the British mail. All they wanted was that the
mailing ships should not take a very long time while traveling from Britain to
America. They have noticed that the mailing ships ran against the current
making them to take too long before reaching America. With the resistance from
the ocean current, the mailing voyages were taking additional three weeks as a
result of resistance from the ocean current.
The sailors did not have any knowledge of the current and as a result were
faced by the problem of trying to sail against it. Franklin was a American
revolutionary leader and was representing several states such as Georgia,
Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and the New Jersey in England. He stayed in England
for twenty years heading sectors such as the postmaster general for all the
mails which were shipped to American colonies.
Working together with his
nephew Timothy Folger who has been in the wailing industry for several years,
Benjamin Franklin was able to come up with a new and more detailed chart. When
Folger went to went to visit his uncle Franklin in England he overheard him
complaining about the time taken by the mailing voyage from England to America.
Folger then told him that the sailors definitely just don’t know the existence
of the Northeast Current and how to how to prevent it from restraining the
movement of the ship. He said that when the sailors know the current into
details they will be able to use it to their advantage and even reduce the time
of travel by more than just three weeks. The knowledge will also prevent the
loss of other ships as they are redirected by the force of the current. The two
sat down and drew a more detailed chart of the Gulf Stream. The
chart also included the details of the stream which included the different
directions of the current, the velocity of the current and the width of the
stream. Numerous copies of the printed charts were distributed. However, the
British did not take them seriously, maybe because they could not believe that
the colonial fishermen could know more about the ocean than their highly trained
sailors.
When the American Revolution
Commenced, Franklin stopped distributing the charts so that they could not
share such important information with the colonialists. When Franklin was
traveling to France to Paris to negotiate a treaty with the French Government,
he tested the various temperatures of the Gulf Stream. Franklin realized that
the temperature of Gulf Stream was higher than that of the surrounding water.
This was an important breakthrough in identifying the specific points where the
Gulf Stream Occupied. Using this new information, Franklin commissioned Le
Rouge to modify the chart which was initially drawn by Timothy Folger. The new
chart provided for a more detailed location and specifications of the Gulf
Stream. They supplied the new charts to the sailors from France who were
supplying the firearms to American Colonies to help them fight for revolution.
The original copies of the charts disappeared and were only retrieved in 1978.
The most important impact of
the chart made by Franklin was in shipping weapons to America during the
American Revolution periods. Franklin made a treaty with the French Govern
which agreed to supply the colonial states with the required weapons for
fighting. These weapons were to be shipped via the Atlantic Ocean. With the
proper knowledge of the Gulf Stream, the sailors were able to take shorter time
to reach America. The British on the other hand had very little knowledge of
the current. As a result they took more time in reaching
America with their weapons. As a result, the Americans were able to with the
revolutionary fight hence they gained their independence.
The other important impact
of the chart of the Gulf Stream was that it reduces the time taken by ships to
travel from European countries to America. With the wastage of time in the way,
the traveling cost increases in terms of the resources, food and fuel. With the
availability of the chart, the sailors are able avoid traveling against the
current and also use the current to increase their acceleration thereby
reducing the cost and time spent in sailing.
Currently, a more modified map has been developed from the original work of
Franklin and these maps are used so that the sailing across Atlantic Ocean is
not deterred by the current.
Without the knowledge of the
Gulf Stream, the sailors used to lose directions and even lose the position of
other ships in case they were traveling in fleets. At some points of the Gulf
Stream, the current is so strong and was able to redirect the direction of the
ship. By so doing, the ships will lose their
initial direction and sometimes were never found again. The loss of ships also
led to the loss of life of the crew as some we crushed due to strong currents
caused by Gulf Stream. With the use of the Franklin Chart and the current maps,
the sailors will always know the exact positions of the current, the speed of
the current and the direction of its flow. This will help them to know how to
direct the ship so that it is not redirected by the swift current.
The knowledge of the Gulf
Stream was first important for the whalers. As they pursue the whales, they had
to go across the current, into the current, against the current and along the
current. The whales know that the currents could be their hiding place so as to
prevent the fishermen from getting them. Without the proper knowledge of the
current, they could easily be curried away or lose the whale at the least.
Currently, there have been speculations to use the current to generate hydroelectric
power. By knowing the specific points of the Gulf Stream with the highest
velocity, scientists are anticipating that the current can turn be used to turn
turbines which will eventually generate six thousand Giga watts.
