Management Ethics

                                                           

                                                               Management Ethics

            Knowledge about the genesis and history of current day business ethics is valuable in a number of ways. The first and most important is by obtaining knowledge regarding the genesis of current day business ethics we get to appreciate the important role ethics plays in business today.  This knowledge provides us with valuable insight on the need for business ethics as it entails the reasons as to why business ethics was developed.  By understanding the reasons as to why business ethics was developed, we appreciate the role it plays.  Knowledge on the history of current business ethics is also important to us as it helps provides us with insight on the evolutionary process of business ethics. By having a clear insight into its evolutionary process, we will be able to avoid some of the mistakes characterized by it and have insight on what it may be like in the future.

 Ethics is a branch of philosophy and history plays a major role in philosophy; thus history matters a lot in ethics.  History provides the building blocks on which the concept of ethics was developed and without history, there will be no ethics or the idea behind ethics will be irrelevant in society. It is through history that we get to appreciate the importance of ethics and the reasons as to learn of the reasons as to why society needs ethics. Thus is summary it is logical to indicate that history matters a lot in ethics as it forms the foundation of ethics without which the idea behind ethics will not be valid in society.

 The history of ethics in organizations should matter to organizations as much and even more, than it does to individuals.  This is because organizations, unlike individuals, comprise of people from different backgrounds with different ethical beliefs thus they are exposed to numerous ethical challenges. Knowledge on the history of ethics enables the organizations to incorporate all the different ethical beliefs into their operations in a manner that significantly limits its exposure to ethical challenges. It also enables the organization to develop standard ethical guidelines that its members can easily comply with without much resistance.

 The most significant reason as to why it is important to study the history of ethics is because ethics deals with whether an action is right or wrong, or whether it's a virtue or a vice. By studying the history of ethics, we get to understand the reason behind certain concepts of morality, and this strengthens those concepts.  The study of ethical thought is important because ethics is inescapable.  Society cannot exist without   methodologies of assessing what is healthy or desirable and unhealthy or undesirable, codes of conduct.  These codes govern the way decisions are made, and thus they ate importance for the existence and prosperity of society.  The study of ethical thought and the history of ethics also helps individuals to develop skills that will enable them to articulate their values and provide others with reasons behind their actions.

            By obtaining knowledge of the past, individuals know the consequences of certain actions. This knowledge helps to guide their ethical beliefs and practices.  Knowledge of the past also helps people to prepare for future ethical decisions by providing them with alternative decisions that they could take when faced with certain challenges.  It also helps one to understand the cause of certain ethical practices and thus to make it easy for one to make certain ethical decision in the future.

Impressionism

                                            

Impressionism

Edouard Monet is regarded as one of the pioneers of impressionism.  Monet and a couple of artists at the time felt that indoor art did not accentuate the effects of the passage of time. Thus they decided to conduct out door impromptu painting which enabled them to create accurate depictions of light with its changing qualities. Monet early childhood love of nature also influenced most of his painting as they were down outdoors.  Through painting outdoors he was able to obtain a greater awareness of color and light and his works were able to effectively and efficiently incorporate the natural scenes shifting pattern.

 This enabled him to express prove his point on the effectiveness of outdoor impromptu painting in expressing a particular painting. One painting style that was very common among impressionism artists was the rapidness of the brushwork. The brushwork was also broken into separate dabs. This style of painting enables the artists to effectively capture and render the lights fleeting quality in their artworks. Monet’s style of painting mostly earth tone colors that kept in line with the natural concept of the painting.

            Another great impressionist was Camille Pissarro a Danish-French artist who was regarded as a father figure by most impressionist.  Camille’s painting where depictive of nature in its serenity. This was meant to express his feelings about war and how war led to the destruction of such beautiful works.  His paintings mainly aimed to showcase the interaction that existed between human and nature. He was able to express himself by utilizing visually striking colors with high contrast that enabled an individual to easily see each and every aspect of his paintings.

        

Approaches to Law

Business: Approaches to Law

 A policy for the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Policy Statement- As per the ADA, all employers are prohibited from the act of discriminating against qualified persons with disabilities when it comes to job opportunities,  any employment practices, conditions and terms if employment. This prohibition encompasses all aspects of the employment process from employee recruitment to employee benefits and many other aspects.  It is also unlawful for an employer to discriminate against an employee or an applicant seeking employment because of the person’s family, social, business or any form of relationship with a person with a disability.   In the event that an employee or applicant  experiences discriminatory treatment that has been prohibited by this policy, he or she has the right to complain to the Equal Employment Opportunity  Commission (EEOC) which will investigate the claims and take decisive actions against any individual found to be responsible.

 Policy statement- Organizations/ Employers, are also expected to provide qualified individuals with disabilities with reasonable accommodation that would enable them effectively execute their duties in the accommodation.  This policy is only acceptable if provision of reasonable accommodation would lead to undue hardship for the employer.  Examples of reasonable accommodation include ramps for people on wheelchairs and brailed keyboard for people who can’t see.  Failure to comply with the policy will amount to discrimination and can be reported to the EEOC.

A policy for the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)

Policy Statement-All organizations operating within the U.S are required to abide by the ADEA act.  All employers should endeavor to promote employment of older individual based on their abilities and qualifications rather than age. Therefore no employer should discriminate against a qualified individual on the basis of his or her age if the individual is capable of performing the task he/she is seeking to do. Employers are also prohibited from categorizing employees based on age for the purpose of depriving workers of certain opportunities or benefits that may be afforded to them.  If any employer violates this, the aggrieved party has the option of seeking reprieve from the EEOC which is the institution charged with investigating matters of discrimination.

A policy for dealing with different types of harassment

 This policy has been developed with the objective of ensuring that all individuals working in the organization are in a conducive work environment that promotes and encourages his or her productivity.  The organization will not tolerate any form of harassment as harassment makes employees feel uncomfortable thus reducing their level of productivity.  The most common type of harassment in the workplace is sexual harassment.

 Any employee who feels that he or she is being harassed by his or her colleagues or direct supervisor should report the matter to the organization's  management which will investigate the matter and any individual found liable will have his/her employment terminated. If the harassing authority is the organizations head, the individual is expected to report the matter to the EEOC which will in investigate the matter and charge the offender.

A policy for the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)

            The goal of this policy is to promote the implementation of proper measures that are aimed at ensuring the safety and health of employees as they perform their duties.  Safety and health of employees is important to the organization as it motivates employee thus they become even more productive.  Organizations shall endeavor to ensure that all its workers are operating in a safe environment and that all workers are healthy and able to perform their duties effectively. Employees are also required to ensure that their employer  complies with the policy or else they can  report the employer to the relevant  authority.  Failure to comply with this policy may result in the organization being charged under the OSHA Act. One common example of OSHA violation is in construction sites where employees work without the proper safety equipment.

A policy for the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA)

            The   Family and Medical Leave Act is meant to provide eligible individuals working for covered employers the opportunity to take job protected unpaid leave for medical and specific family reasons through a continuation of the groups health insurance coverage under similar conditions as if the worker was not on leave.  Thus the purpose of this policy is to ensure that the organization complies with this act and that employees are not denied the privileges afforded to them by law.

 The organization will, however, not uphold the Act in cases where the employees take leaves for reasons that are not valid. The employee has the right to report the employer to the relevant authorities if the employer fails to comply with this regulation.  Being a related labor policy employees are required to report to the HR department if they need to take a leave   so that the HR takes the necessary measures.

A policy of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

             The objective of this policy is to ensure that the organization is fair to its workers regardless of their position within it.  All workers in the U.S are entitled to a minimum wage of no less than $7.25 per hou.  The overtime pay for workers should be no less than one and a half times the worker's regular rate of pay for a 40 hour work week.  The minimum wage for employees who are below the age of 20 is $4.25/hr.

 In the event that an organization refuses to comply with his policy, an employee has the right to report the employer to Office of Personnel Management for Employees of Other Executive Branch agencies. This is the organization tasked with investigating such reports and issuing compensation in cases where it determines in favor of the employee. An example of such a violation is when employer pays an employee below the minimum wage.

A policy for the Equal Pay Act (EPA)

            This policy is designed to ensure that all employees within the organization receive equal compensation for the services that they render to the organization. This is to ensure that the organization complies with the EPA which prohibits organizations or employers from conducting wage discrimination against employees based on their sex if they both perform similar tasks, have similar skills and work in the same organization/employer.

 An example of such discrimination is when in an employer chooses to pay a male employee more than a female employee even though they both perform the same duties within the organization and deserve equal pay.  In the event that a violation happens the employee who has been discriminated against has the right to report the matter to the EEOC which is the body charged with investigating all work place discrimination claims.

Statistical Quality Control Analysis

                                                   Statistical Quality Control Analysis

            The authors is utilizing statistical quality control analysis by implementing the concept of Dynamic Time Warping to monitor profile trajectories.  Through the use of a time warping strategy, the author is able to develop control charts that create a baseline model, align the raw profiles and then utilize the generalized likelihood ratio for monitoring that is based on profile trajectories that have been partially observed.  In the online monitoring step, the trajectory of all the incomplete profiles are aligned with in-control baseline and a charting statistic is then evaluated for the purpose of making decisions about the process’s status.

            The authors was trying to provide a solution to a major problem facing Conventional Profile Monitoring. The problem is that in CPM, profiles for process runs and products are thought to have the same length; thus statistical monitoring can’t be initiated until one obtains a complete profile. This is a major problem as in some instances a single profile may take several days to be  generated and this makes the statistical process control process time  consuming and in some cases impractical.

 The process developed two profiles; one was regarded as conforming and the other as non-conforming.   The authors utilized two control charts to monitor the profiles. The results revealed that in the conforming profile, neither chart triggered any alarm while in the nonconforming profile, an alarm was triggered by the AEWMA chart at the 141 step and the DTW chart triggered an alarm at the 142 step. The DTW chart had a one-step delay that was attributed to the AR (1) which was placed in the residual before calculation if the charts statistics.